# Zippers, Part 1: Huet Zippers

Zippers are a way to update a data structure in a purely functional way. It replaces implicit motion across a data structure with an explicit cursor. This first of four parts discusses zippers as an explicit data structure pattern, as described by G. Huet1. Future parts will cover:

Part 2: Zippers as Derivatives
Introduces basic theory of algebraic data structures. How a Huet zipper is the derivative of the data type it is a zipper of.
Part 3: Kiselyov Zippers
Oleg Kiselyov introduced the idea of differentiating the traversal function, not the data structure, to obtain a zipper. This uses the fact that zippers are delimited continuations and allows us to nicely combine zipper actions.
Part 4: Fast Multi-zippers (Not Done)
Describes my scheme for multi-hole zippers whose performance is independent of the size of the tree. This allows for efficient but purely functional concurrent access modification to a tree and also allows for fast non-local operations.

## Updating a List

def/adt (List ,a) [
Cons ,a (List ,a)
Nil ]


Now, it's pretty easy to write a function to "update" a list in a purely functional way:

def/fns list-set <-

; Base case
[(Cons fst rest) 0   new-val] <-
return (Cons new-val rest)

; Inductive case
[(Cons fst rest) pos new-val] <-
let (new-rest <- list-set rest (- pos 1) new-val) <-
return (Cons fst new-rest)


Note that this function is expensive mostly due to the fact that is must constantly allocate new list nodes. But in fact, most of this allocation is useless. If we set two values, we end up allocating new nodes to keep around the version of the code between changing the first and second position.

It also wastes time if we use it a lot on the same list, since we have to constantly crawl to find the right position in the list, then crawl back recreating new nodes. If we are making several close-by changes, this is very wasteful! After all, we are crawling back and forth across the same region of the list over and over again.

It would be better if we could crawl forward along the list to a certain point, and then make multiple updates to the list before crawling back and allocating new nodes. This is precisely what the zipper achieves.

## Focusing on Cursors

The Huet zipper is born by focusing on where exactly this "cursor" currently is — where in the structure we can cheaply modify nodes, and where we can move this location to. To do this, instead of keeping the data linked in the normal way, we always make sure all of our pointers away from the cursor.

To actually implement this, we'd see that we effectively have two lists, a forward list and a backward list:

Using this model, we can implement moving forward or backward through the list and updating the value at the cursor:

def/adt (ZList ,a) [
ZList (List ,a) (List ,a) ]

def/fn ZList:left ((ZList (Cons lhead lrest) rlist)) <-

def/fn ZList:right ((ZList llist (Cons rhead rrest))) <-

def/fn ZList:set ((ZList llist (Cons rhead rrest)) new-val) <-
ZList llist (Cons new-val rrest)


Now, multiple operations to the same area of the list only require a small bit of crawling along the list and relatively few allocations. In fact, every individual zipper list (zlist) operation takes constant time and constant allocations. So long as we don't need to move the cursor too much, this gives us significant gains over the naive method of updating lists.

## Extending Zippers to Trees

A list is a pretty simple data structure. More complex is a tree, so let's talk about how we might extend zipper operations to work on, say, a binary tree.

A binary tree is defined similar to a tree, except that each internal node has two children:

def/adt (Tree ,a) [
Node ,a (Tree ,a) (Tree ,a)
Empty ]


As for a list, it's pretty easy to write a naive update function, say one that takes a path and a new value:

def/adt Direction [L R]

def/fns tree-set <-

; Base case
[(Node val ltree rtree) [] new-val] <-
Node new-val ltree rtree

; Path starts with Left
[(Node val ltree rtree) [Left & rest] new-val] <-
Node val (tree-set ltree rest new-val) rtree

; Path starts with Right
[(Node val ltree rtree) [Right & rest] new-val] <-
Node val ltree (tree-set rtree rest new-val)


And as for a list, this function results in needless allocation:

To adapt the zipper to this more complex structure, we remind ourselves that the core idea is to track where the cursor is and how it can move. So to get a zipper, we again just have to point all pointers away from the cursor:

It might not be quite obvious how to implement this structure at first glance. However, if you look closely, you'll note that there are really two parts to this tree-with-odd-pointers: there the pointers that were reversed, which form a list going up to the root; and there are the things hanging off of that list, which are normal trees:

But note that we also have to keep track of which direction each of the trees hanging off our list of "breadcrumbs" is supposed to stick out in.

Now, we can again implement the basic operations for our cursor, ensuring that all of them are constant-time and constant-allocation.

def/adt (ZTree ,a) [
ZTree (List (Tuple ,a Direction (Tree ,a))) (Tree ,a) ]

def/fn ZTree:left [(ZTree bread (Node val ltree rtree))] <-
ZTree [(Tuple val L rtree) & bread] ltree

def/fn ZTree:right [(ZTree bread (Node val ltree rtree))] <-
ZTree [(Tuple val R ltree) & bread] rtree

def/fns ZTree:up <-

; Were to the left
[(ZTree [(Tuple val L rtree) & bread] subtree)] <-
ZTree bread (Node val subtree rtree)

; Were to the right
[(ZTree [(Tuple val R ltree) & bread] subtree)] <-
ZTree bread (Node val ltree subtree)

def/fn ZTree:set [(ZTree bread (Node val ltree rtree)) new-val] <-
ZTree bread (Node new-val ltree rtree)


A picture for this case would be too confusing. But it's easy to verify that each function takes constant time, since each just does a single allocation.

## So What Have we Got?

So, having done all of this work, what are our results? Well, we have a new data structure that allows us to quickly make changes to a structure, in a purely-functional way. Furthermore, we can easily see that this data structure improves localized changes to take $$O(1)$$, not $$O(\lg n)$$, time.

So we now have a spiffy new data structure that allows basic operations on a data set quickly and elegantly2. However, while the overall idea of zippers is hopefully clear, it's not obvious how to easily write a zipper for any old data structure. For that, we need to consult some theory. But that's for part 2

1

Huet didn't discover or invent zippers; instead, his paper (PDF) discusses the algorithm as something well known in the programming "folklore". Huet was, however, the first to publish the zipper, and so it is named after him.

2

As an example to real-world use, I point you to XMonad, which uses zippers to track which window is focused. See http://donsbot.wordpress.com/2007/05/17/roll-your-own-window-manager-tracking-focus-with-a-zipper/

By Pavel Panchekha. Share it — it's CC-BY-SA licensed.